Mitral Valve Regurgitation in Klippel-Feil Syndrome With Related Thoracic Deformity.

Klippel-Feil syndrome, characterized by congenital fusion of any 2 or more cervical vertebrae, is a rare disorder in which skeletal and other organ system-related abnormalities have been reported. This article reports a case of mitral valve regurgitation in a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome and related thoracic deformity who underwent mitral valvuloplasty. Postoperatively, the mitral valve regurgitation disappeared, and there has been no recurrence for 3 years. This case highlights mitral valvuloplasty via median sternotomy as an excellent treatment for mitral valve regurgitation in a patient with thoracic deformity related to Klippel-Feil syndrome.

Randomized comparison of oblique and perpendicular stabilizers for minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum.

OBJECTIVES: Bar dislocation is one of the most feared complications of the minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum. METHODS: Prospective randomized parallel-group clinical trial intending to assess whether oblique stabilizers can reduce bar displacement in comparison with regular stabilizers used in minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum. Additionally, we evaluated pain, quality of life and other postoperative complications. Participants were randomly assigned to surgery with perpendicular (n = 16) or oblique stabilizers (n = 14) between October 2017 and September 2018 and followed for 3 years. Bar displacements were evaluated with the bar displacement index. Pain scores were evaluated through visual analogue scale and quality of life through the Pectus Excavatum Evaluation Questionnaire. RESULTS: Control group average displacement index was 17.7 (±26.7) and intervention group average displacement index was 8.2 (±10.9). There was 1 reoperation in each group that required correction with 2 bars. Bar displacement was similar among groups (P = 0.12). No other complications were recorded. There was no statistically significant difference on pain score. There was a significant difference between pre- and postoperative composite scores of the participants' body image domain and psycho-social aspects in both groups. The difference between the pre- and postoperative participants' perception of physical difficulties was greater and statistically significant in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistical difference in the use of perpendicular or oblique stabilizers, but the availability of different models of stabilizers during the study suggested that this can be advantageous. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03087734.

Lessons Learned after 176 Patients Treated with a Standardized Procedure of Thoracoscopic Cryoanalgesia during Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum.

BACKGROUND: Intrathoracic intercostal cryoanalgesia (Cryo) during minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) reports have been related to improved pain management, although its extent differs amongst studies. We aimed to report our experience using a standardized perioperative approach including Cryo during MIRPE, and compare our actual results with those of a previous thoracic epidural analgesia (TE) cohort. Lessons learned are summarized. METHODS: Retrospective study including patients undergoing Cryo during MIRPE between October 2018 and May 2023. Results with a standardized perioperative approach were analyzed. We then compared our Cryo cohort with a previous cohort of 62 patients who underwent TE and MIRPE between 2013 and 2018. Continuous variables were reported as mean and standard deviation, and as median (interquartile range) for variables with non-uniform distribution. RESULTS: We performed 176 Cryo during MIRPE (16.8 ± 4.6 years), with a mean postoperative length of stay (LOS) of 1.4 ± 0.8 days and a median total requirement of 7.5 (0.0; 15.0) oral morphine equivalents (OME) (mg). Patients with Cryo had a significantly lower mean LOS (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 3.6 ± 1.0 days, p < 0.0001), and median total opioid requirement [7.5 (0.0; 15.0) vs. 77.4 (27.0; 115.5 OME (mg), p < 0.0001) compared to TE patients. Lessons learned included ensuring adequate contact of the cryoprobe with the target, proper exposition, and specialized multidisciplinary perioperative patient and family support, including psychology and physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we reported lessons learned after performing a standardized protocol of perioperative care in patients undergoing Cryo during MIRPE. This protocol enabled the achievement of a short LOS and low postoperative opioid requirement. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective comparative study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Benefits of the Erector Spinae Plane Block before Cryoanalgesia in Children Undergoing Surgery for Funnel Chest Deformity.

Thoracic surgery causes significant pain despite standard multimodal analgesia. Intraoperative cryoanalgesia may be a solution. The onset of the clinical effect of cryoanalgesia can take 12-36 h. The addition of a regional anaesthesia before the cryoanalgesia procedure can enable analgesic protection for the patient during this period. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the benefits of the erector spinae plane (ESP) block prior to Nuss surgery. The 'control' group consisted of 10 teenagers who underwent cryoablation together with intravenous multimodal analgesia according to the standard protocol. The 'intervention' group included 26 teenage patients who additionally received an erector spinae plane block before operation. Pain relief (p = 0.015), opioid use (p = 0.009), independent physical activity and rehabilitation (p = 0.020) were faster in the intervention group. No features of local anaesthetic drug toxicity or complications of the ESP block were observed. The bilateral ESP block together with intraoperative intercostal nerve cryoablation performed prior to Nuss correction of funnel chest were more effective in terms of pain control.

Application of an ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane block after the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum in children: a retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the effect of applying an ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spine plane block (ESPB) after the Nuss procedure for surgical repair of pectus excavatum (PE) in children. Methods: The subjects of the study were patients with severe PE who received the Nuss procedure in our hospital between 1 January 2019 and 30 November 2021. According to different methods for postoperative pain management, the enrolled patients were divided into two groups, the ultrasound-guided ESPB group and the thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) group. The primary outcome of this study was analgesic drug dosage and the secondary outcome was numerical rating scales (NRSs) between the two groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic, preoperative clinical evaluation, or surgical characteristics (P > 0.05). The catheter duration in the TEA group was significantly shorter than that in the ESPB group (P < 0.05), while the hospitalization time in the ESPB group was significantly shorter than that in the TEA group (P < 0.05). In terms of oral morphine equivalent comparison, the required dose of the TEA group was lower than that of the ESPB group on the 1st and 2nd day after the operation (P < 0.05), and there was no statistical difference between the two groups on the 3rd and 4th day after the operation (P > 0.05). The number of patients with an S-NRS ≥ 7 and D-NRS ≥ 7 in the TEA group at day 1 was lower than that in the ESPB group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups at other time points (P > 0.05). Conclusion: An ultrasound-guided ESPB used in Nuss surgery for children with funnel chest can provide good analgesia for surgery and shorten the postoperative rehabilitation and hospitalization time of patients. It is a safe and effective alternative to TEA.

Preoperative imaging of clinically relevant intrathoracic abnormalities in pectus excavatum patients.

Background: Preoperative radiological imaging in pectus excavatum sometimes coincidentally yields additional intrathoracic abnormalities. In the context of a larger research project investigating replacement of CT scans by 3D-surface scanning as routine preoperative work-up for pectus excavatum, this study aims to quantify the incidence of clinically relevant intrathoracic abnormalities found incidentally using conventional CT in pectus excavatum patients. Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted including pectus excavatum patients, receiving CT between 2012 and 2021 as part of their preoperative evaluation. Radiology reports were reviewed for additional intrathoracic abnormalities and scored into three subclasses: non-clinically relevant, potentially clinically relevant or clinically relevant findings. Also, two-view plain chest radiographs reports, if available, were evaluated for those patients with a clinically relevant finding. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare adolescents and adults. Results: In total, 382 patients were included, of whom 117 were adolescents. Although in 41 patients (11%) an additional intrathoracic abnormality was found, only two patients (0.5%) presented with a clinically relevant abnormality requiring additional diagnostics, postponing surgical correction. In only one of the two patients, plain chest radiographs were available, which did not show the abnormality. Subgroup analyses revealed no differences in (potentially) clinically relevant abnormalities between adolescents and adults. Conclusions: The prevalence of clinically relevant intrathoracic abnormalities in pectus excavatum patients was low, supporting the notion that CT and plain radiographs can be safely replaced by 3D-surface scanning in the preoperative work-up for pectus excavatum repair.

Modified bar bending method of thoracoscopic nuss procedure on pectus excavatum: a retrospective single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common disease of chest wall deformity, with an incidence of 1 in 300-400 births. Nuss procedure has proved to be the best surgical treatment method and has been widely used after clinical use for 30 years. We aimed to review the clinical data of pectus excavatum (PE) of thoracoscopic Nuss procedure adopted the Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type, and compare it with the traditional curved bar bending method to explore the clinical application effect. METHODS: Forty-six cases of clinical data were summarized of children with PE who adopted the treatment of the Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type from January 2019 to December 2021, and 51 cases were compared of PE children who adopted the treatment of traditional curved bar bending method from January 2016 to December 2018, including the data of age, gender, preoperative symptoms, symmetry, Haller index, operation time, bar bending time, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative complications, bar migration, postoperative effect evaluation, etc. RESULTS: The Procedure duration (P = 0.008), bar bending time (P < 0.001), and duration of postoperative pain (P < 0.001) were reduced significantly, and the incidence of bar migration after surgery was reduced as well by the modified bar bending method. There was no difference compared with traditional Nuss produce, like the incidence of evaluation of postoperative effects (Excellent, P = 0.93; Good, P = 0.80; Medium, P = 1.00; Poor, P = 1.00), bar migration (P = 1.00), postoperative complications (P = 1.00), Clavien- Dindo classification of surgical complications (I = 0.165; II = 1.00; IIIa = 1.00; IIIb = 1.00; VI = 1.00; V = 1.00), operative safety, and operative validity. CONCLUSION: Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type, which is a kind of surgical method worth applying and popularizing, and the advantages of minimally procedure duration, bar bending time, and duration of postoperative pain, compared with the traditional bar bending method.

Augmentation mammoplasty and autologous fat transplantation: an alternative for the treatment of hypomastia and mild pectus excavatum - Case report / Mamoplastia de aumento e transplante de gordura autóloga: uma alternativa para o tratamento da hipomastia e pectus excavatum leve - Relato de caso

Pectus excavatum(PE) is a congenital chest deformity characterized by deep depression in the sternum. Autologous fat transplantation has been used for aesthetic purposes, mainly on the face, and has recently gained relevance in thoracic and breast surgeries. The present study aims to present a case of mild PE associated with hypomastia. A 24-year-old female patient attended the consultation for breast augmentation due to hypomastia, but the clinical examination also revealed an associated mild PE that the patient did not notice. Surgical planning included breast augmentation and autologous fat transfer. A 260ml silicone breast implant was used, and 250ml of fat was injected in the sternal region and the lower medial contour of the breasts. There were no complications during the 12-month follow-up period. The combination of augmentation mammoplasty and fat transplantation in treating PE deformity proved to be a minimally invasive, good, safe option with high patient satisfaction.

Pectus excavatum (PE) é uma deformidade torácica congênita, caracterizada como uma depressão profunda no esterno. O transplante autólogo de gordura tem sido utilizado para fins estéticos, principalmente na face, e recentemente ganhou relevância nas cirurgias torácica e das mamas. O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar um caso de PE leve associado a hipomastia. Uma paciente de 24 anos compareceu à consulta para mamoplastia de aumento por hipomastia, mas o exame clínico também revelou um PE leve associado que não foi percebido pela paciente. O planejamento cirúrgico incluiu a mamoplastia de aumento e a transferência de gordura autóloga. Foi utilizado um implante mamário de silicone de 260ml, e uma quantidade total de 250ml de gordura foi injetada na região esternal e no contorno medial inferior das mamas. Não houve complicações durante o período de acompanhamento de 12 meses. A associação de mamoplastia de aumento e transplante de gordura no tratamento da deformidade de PE revelou-se uma opção minimamente invasiva, boa, segura e com alta satisfação da paciente.

Combined Repair of Upper Sternal Cleft and Pectus Excavatum in a Child.

Sternal cleft accompanied by pectus excavatum is a rare type of congenital anomaly of the chest wall. Surgical correction is a suitable approach to restore the heart, large vessels, and respiratory dynamics early. This is a report of the successful surgical correction of upper sternal cleft anomaly accompanied by pectus excavatum in a child. The pectus excavatum was corrected without the use of any prosthesis. The cleft was closed by primary approximation with enough dissected pectoralis major muscle and partial thymectomy, mobility, and flexibility ensured by pectus correction. The integrity of the sternum and the chest wall was normal at the end of the 12-month follow-up period.

Novel index to estimate the cephalocaudal extent of the excavation in pectus excavatum: The Titanic index.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Quantification of the severity of pectus excavatum deformities is currently performed using the Haller index (HI) and the Correction index (CI), amongst others. However, most indexes characterize the severity at the point of maximum excavation. We present a new index, the Titanic index (TI), aimed at the appraisal of the cephalocaudal extent of the excavation and its potential clinical use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients who underwent a minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) between July 2020 and April 2022 at a single center. We defined TI as the percentage of the sternum that lied behind the anterior costal line observed in the CT. Demographics, HI, CI, and TI calculated based on computed tomography images (CT) were analyzed. Also, we compared the severity indexes of two groups of patients divided by the number of implants introduced per patient (group A: two implants, and group B: more than two). RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (92% male) were included, with a mean age of 17.2 ± 4.8 years. The mean TI was 37%. Albeit weak, we identified significant correlations between the TI and the HI and, more closely, to the CI. Two implants were introduced in 37 (47%) patients, and more than two in 41 (53%) patients. Compared to patients with two implants, the group of patients who received more than two implants were older and showed worse thoracic indexes. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we identified the TI as a better predictor of the need for more than two implants than HI and CI. In this regard, a TI larger than 66.5% had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 92%. CONCLUSION: We propose a novel index for the categorization of the severity of pectus excavatum. This index might be useful in planning the number of implants required for complete thoracic remodeling during MIRPE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective Comparative Study.

Pectus excavatum in motion: dynamic evaluation using real-time MRI.

OBJECTIVES: The breathing phase for the determination of thoracic indices in patients with pectus excavatum is not standardized. The aim of this study was to identify the best period for reliable assessments of morphologic indices by dynamic observations of the chest wall using real-time MRI. METHODS: In this prospective study, patients with pectus excavatum underwent morphologic evaluation by real-time MRI at 3 T between January 2020 and June 2021. The Haller index (HI), correction index (CI), modified asymmetry index (AI), and modified eccentricity index (EI) were determined during free, quiet, and forced breathing respectively. Breathing-related differences in the thoracic indices were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Motion of the anterior chest wall was analyzed as well. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients (11 females and 45 males, median age 15.4 years, interquartile range 14.3-16.9) were included. In quiet expiration, the median HI in the cohort equaled 5.7 (4.5-7.2). The median absolute differences (Δ) in the thoracic indices between peak inspiration and peak expiration were ΔHI = 1.1 (0.7-1.6, p < .001), ΔCI = 4.8% (1.3-7.5%, p < .001), ΔAI = 3.0% (1.0-5.0%, p < .001), and ΔEI = 8.0% (3.0-14.0%, p < .05). The indices varied significantly during different inspiratory phases, but not during expiration (p > .05 each). Furthermore, the dynamic evaluation revealed three distinctive movement patterns of the funnel chest. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time MRI reveals patterns of chest wall motion and indicate that thoracic indices of pectus excavatum should be assessed in the end-expiratory phase of quiet expiration. KEY POINTS: • The thoracic indices in patients with pectus excavatum depend on the breathing phase. • Quiet expiration represents the best breathing phase for determining thoracic indices. • Real-time MRI can identify different chest wall motion patterns in pectus excavatum.

Repercusiones cardíacas en pacientes con pectus excavatum: puesta al día. Segunda parte / Cardiac repercussions in patients with pectus excavatum: update. Part two / Repercussões cardíacas em pacientes com pectus excavatum: atualização. Parte dois

El pectus excavatum (PEX) es una deformación de la pared torácica que obedece a una alteración de los cartílagos costales con el consiguiente hundimiento del esternón. Históricamente, se clasificaba como un defecto únicamente estético o cosmético, sin embargo, en los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevos métodos de estudio para la valoración de las repercusiones de esta patología. Existe cada vez más bibliografía que demuestra importantes repercusiones funcionales. Se realizó una puesta al día de las repercusiones cardíacas de la patología y un análisis de los artículos más relevantes de los últimos años. La evidencia actual permite afirmar que existe una afectación cardíaca por compresión esternal en la mayoría de los pacientes con PEX. Las afectaciones incluyen alteraciones anatomofuncionales (trastornos del ritmo, disminución del llenado ventricular), del volumen sistólico, aumento de la presión de la aurícula derecha, valvulopatías, compresión del ventrículo derecho, derrame pericárdico, entre otras. Todo lo cual permite concluir que el PEX puede presentar importantes alteraciones cardíacas que deben ser tenidas en cuenta a la hora de valorar los pacientes con esta patología.

Pectus excavatum (PEX) is a deformation of the chest wall caused by an alteration of the costal cartilages with the consequent collapse of the sternum. Historically, it had been classified as a solely aesthetic or cosmetic defect, however, in recent years new study methods have been developed to assess the repercussions of this pathology, with increasing bibliography showing important functional consequences. We updated the cardiac pathological repercussions and analyzed the most relevant articles of recent years. The current evidence suggests that there is cardiac involvement due to sternal compression in most patients with PEX. These affectations include anatomical functional alterations: rhythm disorders, decreased ventricular filling, decreased stroke volume, increased right atrial pressure, valve disease, right ventricular compression, pericardial effusion, among others. All of which enables us to conclude that PEX can present important cardiac alterations that must be taken into account when assessing patients with this pathology.

Pectus excavatum (PEX) é uma deformação da parede torácica decorrente de uma alteração das cartilagens costais com consequente colapso do esterno. Historicamente, foi classificado como um defeito exclusivamente estético ou cosmético, porém, nos últimos anos, novos métodos de estudo foram desenvolvidos para avaliar as repercussões dessa patologia, com crescente bibliografia mostrando importantes repercussões funcionais. Foi realizada uma atualização das repercussões cardíacas da patologia e análise dos artigos mais relevantes dos últimos anos. As evidências atuais permitem afirmar que há acometimento cardíaco por compressão esternal na maioria dos pacientes com PEX. As afecções incluem alterações anatomofuncionais: distúrbios do ritmo, diminuição do enchimento ventricular, diminuição do volume sistólico, aumento da pressão atrial direita, doença valvular, compressão do ventrículo direito, derrame pericárdico, entre outras. Tudo isso permite concluir que o PEX pode apresentar alterações cardíacas importantes que devem ser levadas em consideração na avaliação de pacientes com essa patologia.

Quality of life with minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) is a popular method for surgical correction of PE, and its impact on quality of life is a growing area of interest. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of MIRPE on the quality of life of patients. Methods: This study was registered with PROSPERO under reference number CRD42020222061. A literature search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Scopus was conducted from the date of inception till November 23, 2020. We included studies which administered one or more questionnaires on patients up to 60 years old, parents or both, to assess the quality of life before and after MIRPE. Studies not written in English, abstracts, articles without primary data, reviews and studies which combined data on PE and other deformities were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions and the Cochrane risk of bias tool. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to obtain mean differences for key themes of quality of life before and after MIRPE. Responses from the same questionnaires, as well as common themes across different questionnaires, were compared. Results: Of the 20 studies identified for systematic review, 7 studies that reported the responses of 478 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Patients who underwent MIRPE experienced an increased self-esteem [standardized mean difference (SMD): 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95 to 1.81, P<0.00001] and a smaller degree of chest interference with their social activities (SMD: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.08, P<0.00001). These findings were consistent even after the implanted bar was removed. Conclusions: MIRPE may be associated with a better quality of life for patients with PE as self-esteem and extent of chest interference with social activities are improved after the procedure. The key limitations of this study are the lack of high-quality evidence due to paucity of randomized trials, and the significant heterogeneity in reported outcomes due to variations in the questionnaires and timepoints of administration.

Case Report: Modified Taulinoplasty: a new technique for minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum.

Introduction: About 95% of congenital chest wall deformities are pectus abnormalities, with pectus excavatum (PE) being the most common. The purpose of this work is to offer a modified Taulinoplasty Technique based on 35 consecutive PE patients' 1-year single-center experience in 2022. Technique: One minimally invasive procedure for PE is taulinoplasty. In order to prevent invasion of the mediastinum or pleural cavity, it is considered that external traction can be used to raise the sternum. Our experience indicates that the most common surgical consequences of this procedure-which involves creating a submuscular and subcutaneous tunnel to install the metal device-are post-operative seroma and wound dehiscence. We modified the conventional method to achieve more aesthetically pleasing results. Discussion: Taulinoplasty seems to be a safe technique, easier and more feasible than standard Taulinoplasty, with better outcomes in terms of surgical complications, although further experience is necessary to confirm our preliminary data.

STERNUM TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION IN PECTUS PATIENTS: ANALYSIS OF SAGITAL PARAMETERS.

Objective: To evaluate the sagittal tomographic reformatting of the sternum using unpublished radiographic parameters (indexes and angles), comparing them between the different types of pectus, and controls. Methods: 44 patients with pectus deformities and controls underwent chest CT for analysis. The types of pectus were classified into: inferior pectus carinatum (IPC), superior (SPC) and lateral (LPC), and broad (BPE) and localized pectus excavatum (LPE). The following tomographic parameters were created and measured: (1) spine-manubrium-sternum index (SMS); (2) column-sternum index (CSI); (3) manubrium-sternal angle (MSA); (4) inferior manubrium angle (IMA); and (5) inferior sternum angle (ISA). Statistical analysis was performed between the pectus and control groups, and between the different types of pectus. Results: There was a significant difference between: a) pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum when analyzing the SMS, CSI, MSA and ISA indexes. b) LPE and control group for SMS and ISA. c) LPC and LPE, and LPC and BPE for SMS; d) BPE and LPC for CSI; e) IPC and LPE, and IPC and BPE for ISA; f) SPC and LPE, and SPC and BPE for IMA. Conclusion: The radiographic indexes and angles created provided differentiation parameters between patients with different types of pectus, and between these and controls. Level of Evidence II, Prognostic Studies.

Objetivos: Avaliar a reformatação tomográfica sagital do esterno por meio de parâmetros radiográficos inéditos (índices e ângulos), comparando-os entre os diferentes tipos de pectus e controles. Métodos: 44 pacientes com deformidades pectus e controles foram submetidos à TC do tórax para análise. Os tipos de pectus foram classificados em: pectus carinatum inferior (PCI), superior (PCS) e lateral (PCL), e pectus excavatum amplo (PEA) e localizado (PEL). Foram criados e mensurados os seguintes parâmetros tomográficos: (1) índice coluna-manúbrio-esterno (CME); (2) índice coluna-esterno (CE); (3) ângulo manúbrio-esternal (AME); (4) ângulo inferior do manúbrio (AIM); e (5) ângulo inferior do esterno (AIE). Foi realizada análise estatística entre os grupos pectus e controle, e entre os diferentes tipos de pectus. Resultados: Houve diferença significativa entre: a) pectus excavatum e pectus carinatum quando analisados os índices CME, CE, AIM e AIE; b) PEL e grupo controle para CME e AIE; c) PCL e PEL, e PCL e PEA para o CME; d) PEA e PCL para CE; e) PCI e PEL, e PCI e PEA para AIE; f) PCS e PEL, e PCS e PEA para AIM. Conclusões: Os índices e ângulos radiográficos criados forneceram parâmetros de diferenciação entre pacientes com diferentes tipos de pectus, e entre estes e controles. Nível de Evidência II, Estudos Prognósticos.

Cardiac perforation during minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum: a rare complication.

Life-threatening complications (LTCs) and negative results of surgical treatments often go unreported. Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) represents a procedure with a low incidence of adverse outcomes. However, 15 potentially fatal cases of MIRPE-related heart injury have been published. We report a case of cardiac perforation (CP) during MIRPE. A 12-year-old female was admitted for elective repair of a severe asymmetric pectus excavatum. Preoperative computed tomography showed a Haller index of 4.9. MIRPE was performed under bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopy. After the placement of the pectus bar, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension and bilateral hemothorax occurred. Emergency thoracotomy without pectus bar removal showed CP. The wound sites were repaired and the pectus bar was eventually successfully implanted. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 11. After 10 months, she remains asymptomatic. Reporting rare complications is essential for accurate calculations of the true prevalence of LTCs, maintaining high alertness in pediatric surgeons.

Repercusiones pulmonares en pacientes con pectus excavatum: puesta al día / Pulmonary consequences on patients with pectus excavatum: update / Repercussões pulmonares em pacientes com pectus excavatum: atualização

El pectus excavatum (PEX) es una deformación de la pared torácica que obedece a una alteración de los cartílagos costales con el consiguiente hundimiento del esternón. Históricamente se clasificaba como un defecto únicamente estético o cosmético, sin embargo en los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevos métodos de estudio para la valoración de las repercusiones de esta patología, y existe cada vez más bibliografía que demuestra importantes repercusiones funcionales. Se realizó una puesta al día de las repercusiones pulmonares de la patología y análisis de los artículos más relevantes de los últimos años. Los síntomas respiratorios son frecuentes, estando presentes en más de la mitad de los pacientes. Se ha demostrado una disminución de la CVF, VEF1 y PEF25%-75%; así como la presencia de un patrón restrictivo y/o obstructivo, un aumento del VR y una alteración de la dinámica respiratoria. Se ha objetivado la afectación del PEX sobre la función pulmonar, determinando categóricamente que esta patología presenta una importante repercusión funcional.

Pectus excavatum (PEX) is a thoracic wall malformation due to an alteration of the costal cartilages with subsequent sinking of the sternum. Historically, it was considered a mere aesthetic or cosmetic defect, however, in recent years, new assessment methods have been developed to evaluate the repercussions of this pathology, and there is an increasing literature that demonstrates important functional consequences. We carried out an update of this pathology's pulmonary repercussions and analyzed the most relevant articles of the recent years. Respiratory symptoms are frequent, present in more than half of the patients. A decrease in FVC, FEV1 and PEF25%-75% has been shown; as well as the presence of a restrictive and/or obstructive pattern, an increase in RV and an alteration in respiratory dynamics. The affectation of PEX on pulmonary function has been objectified, and it has been determined categorically that this pathology has important functional consequences.

Pectus excavatum (PEX) é uma deformação da parede torácica devido a uma alteração das cartilagens costais com consequente afundamento do esterno. Historicamente, foi classificado como um defeito exclusivamente estético ou cosmético, porém, nos últimos anos, novos métodos de estudo foram desenvolvidos para avaliar as repercussões dessa patologia, e há uma literatura crescente que demonstra importantes repercussões funcionais. Foi realizada uma atualização das repercussões pulmonares da patologia e análise dos artigos mais relevantes dos últimos anos. Os sintomas respiratórios são frequentes, estando presentes em mais da metade dos pacientes. Foi demonstrada uma diminuição da CVF, VEF1 e PEF25-75%; bem como a presença de padrão restritivo e/ou obstrutivo, aumento do VD e alteração da dinâmica respiratória. A afetação do PEX na função pulmonar tem sido objetivada, determinando categoricamente que esta patologia apresenta importante repercussão funcional.

Efficacy and determinants of vacuum bell treatment in preschool children with pectus excavatum.

Objective: The outcome of vacuum bell (VB) treatment for preschool patients with pectus excavatum (PE) is poorly understood. We aim to investigate the short-term treatment effect of VB with a three-dimensional scanner and assess the clinical and demographic factors that might influence treatment outcomes. Methods: We conducted a chart review study to review the records of preschool patients with PE who received VB treatment in a tertiary hospital from January 1, 2021, through January 1, 2022. Demographic data and chest wall deformity assessments were recorded at follow-up, including the anterior chest wall depths and depth ratio (DR). The demographic and clinical factors influencing treatment outcomes were tested using a logistic regression model. Results: 139 patients who accepted vacuum bell treatment were included in the final study analysis, with a mean age of 4.6 years and a BMI of 14.9. Forty-three patients (30.9%) with a depth of less than 3 mm met the termination criteria and showed cosmetic results. The changes in depths (P < 0.001) and DR (P < 0.001) were statistically significant in 55 patients with three or four follow-ups. Multifactor logistic regression analysis showed that initial depth (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58-0.84, P < 0.001) and treatment period (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.23-2.04, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of achieving complete correction. Conclusion: VB is an effective treatment modality in preschool patients in the short-term follow-up, which is influenced by the depth of depression and the duration of treatment. However, further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.